Magneti ni ibintu bishimishije byafashe ibitekerezo byabantu mu binyejana byinshi. Kuva mu Bagereki ba kera kugeza ku bahanga ba kijyambere, abantu bashishikajwe nuburyo magnesi ikora nuburyo bukoreshwa. Imashini zihoraho ni ubwoko bwa rukuruzi igumana imiterere ya magneti nubwo itaba iri imbere yumurima wa magneti wo hanze.tuzashakisha siyanse yibintu bya magneti zihoraho hamwe nimirima ya magneti, harimo ibiyigize, imiterere, nibisabwa.
Igice cya 1: Magnetism ni iki?
Magnetism bivuga umutungo wumubiri wibikoresho bimwe na bimwe bibafasha gukurura cyangwa kwirukana ibindi bikoresho hamwe numurima wa rukuruzi. Ibi bikoresho ngo ni magnetique cyangwa bifite imiterere ya magneti.
Ibikoresho bya magneti birangwa no kuba hariho magnetiki ya domaine, ni uturere twa microscopique aho imirima ya magneti ya atome imwe ihurira. Iyo izo domeni zahujwe neza, zikora macroscopique magnetique ishobora kugaragara hanze yibikoresho.
Ibikoresho bya magneti birashobora gushyirwa mubyiciro bibiri: ferromagnetic na paramagnetic. Ibikoresho bya ferromagnetiki ni magnetique, kandi birimo ibyuma, nikel, na cobalt. Bashoboye kugumana imiterere ya magneti yabo nubwo hatabayeho umurima wa rukuruzi. Ku rundi ruhande, ibikoresho bya Paramagnetic, ni magnetique nkeya kandi birimo ibikoresho nka aluminium na platine. Berekana gusa ibintu bya magneti iyo bikorewe mumashanyarazi yo hanze.
Magnetism ifite ibikorwa byinshi bifatika mubuzima bwacu bwa buri munsi, harimo na moteri yamashanyarazi, amashanyarazi, na transformateur. Ibikoresho bya magnetique bikoreshwa kandi mubikoresho byo kubika amakuru nka disiki zikomeye, no mubuhanga bwo kuvura amashusho nka magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Igice cya 2: Imirima ya rukuruzi
Imirasire ya magneti nikintu cyibanze cya magnetisme kandi isobanura agace gakikije magneti cyangwa insinga itwara amashanyarazi aho imbaraga za rukuruzi zishobora kuboneka. Iyi mirima ntigaragara, ariko ingaruka zayo zirashobora kugaragara binyuze mukugenda kwibikoresho bya magneti cyangwa imikoranire hagati yumurima wa rukuruzi n amashanyarazi.
Imirasire ya magnetiki ikorwa nigikorwa cyumuriro wamashanyarazi, nko gutembera kwa electron mu nsinga cyangwa kuzunguruka kwa electron muri atome. Icyerekezo n'imbaraga z'umurima wa magneti bigenwa nicyerekezo no kugenda kwibi biciro. Kurugero, mumashanyarazi, umurongo wa magneti urakomeye cyane kuri pole kandi ufite intege nke hagati, kandi icyerekezo cyumurima kiva kumurongo wamajyaruguru ugana kuri pole yepfo.
Imbaraga za magnetique zipimwa mubisanzwe mubice bya tesla (T) cyangwa gauss (G), kandi icyerekezo cyumurima gishobora gusobanurwa ukoresheje itegeko ryiburyo, rivuga ko niba igikumwe cyiburyo cyiburyo cyerekanwe muri icyerekezo cyubu, noneho intoki zizunguruka mu cyerekezo cya magneti.
Imashini ya magnetique ifite porogaramu nyinshi zifatika, harimo muri moteri na generator, imashini ya magnetiki resonance yerekana amashusho (MRI), no mubikoresho byo kubika amakuru nka disiki zikomeye. Zikoreshwa kandi muburyo butandukanye bwa siyanse nubuhanga, nko muri moteri yihuta na gari ya moshi.
Gusobanukirwa imyitwarire nimiterere yumurima wa magneti ningirakamaro mubice byinshi byubushakashatsi, harimo electromagnetism, ubukanishi bwa kwant, hamwe nubumenyi bwibikoresho.
Igice cya 3: Ibigize Imashini zihoraho
Imashini ihoraho, izwi kandi nka "ibikoresho bya magnetiki bihoraho" cyangwa "ibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho," mubisanzwe bigizwe no guhuza ibikoresho bya ferromagnetic cyangwa ferrimagnetic. Ibi bikoresho byatoranijwe kubushobozi bwabo bwo kugumana umurima wa rukuruzi, ubemerera kubyara ingaruka zihoraho mugihe runaka.
Ibikoresho bya ferromagnetiki bikoreshwa cyane muri magnesi zihoraho ni ibyuma, nikel, na cobalt, bishobora kuvangwa nibindi bintu kugirango bitezimbere imiterere ya magneti. Kurugero, magnesi ya neodymium ni ubwoko bwa magneti adasanzwe yisi igizwe na neodymium, fer, na boron, mugihe samarium cobalt magnet igizwe na samariyumu, cobalt, icyuma, n'umuringa.
Ibigize magnesi zihoraho birashobora kandi guterwa nibintu nkubushyuhe bizakoreshwa, imbaraga zifuzwa nicyerekezo cyumurima wa magneti, hamwe nuburyo bugenewe gukoreshwa. Kurugero, magnesi zimwe zishobora kuba zarakozwe kugirango zihangane nubushyuhe bwo hejuru, mugihe izindi zishobora kuba zarakozwe kugirango zibyare ingufu za rukuruzi mu cyerekezo runaka.
Usibye ibikoresho byabo byibanze bya magnetiki, magnesi zihoraho zishobora no gushiramo impuzu cyangwa urwego rwo gukingira kugirango wirinde kwangirika cyangwa kwangirika, kimwe no gushiraho no gutunganya kugirango habeho imiterere nubunini bwihariye kugirango bikoreshwe mubikorwa bitandukanye.
Igice cya 4: Ubwoko bwa Magneti zihoraho
Imashini zihoraho zishobora gushyirwa mubwoko butandukanye ukurikije imiterere yabyo, imiterere ya magneti, hamwe nuburyo bwo gukora. Hano hari bumwe muburyo busanzwe bwa magnesi zihoraho:
1.Neodymium magnet: Iyi magneti idasanzwe yisi igizwe na neodymium, fer, na boron, kandi nubwoko bukomeye bwa magnesi zihoraho ziboneka. Bafite imbaraga za magneti nyinshi kandi zirashobora gukoreshwa mubikorwa bitandukanye, harimo moteri, moteri, nibikoresho byubuvuzi.
2.Samarium cobalt magnet: Izi magneti zidasanzwe zubutaka zigizwe na samariyumu, cobalt, fer, numuringa, kandi bizwiho kuba ubushyuhe bwo hejuru hamwe no kurwanya ruswa. Zikoreshwa mubisabwa nko mu kirere no kwirwanaho, no muri moteri ikora cyane na moteri.
3.Ferrite magnet: Nanone izwi nka magnetiki ceramic, magnite ferrite igizwe nibikoresho bya ceramic bivanze na oxyde de fer. Zifite imbaraga za magneti nkeya kuruta magneti zidasanzwe, ariko zirahendutse kandi zikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa nka disikuru, moteri, na firigo ya firigo.
4.Alnico magnesi: Izi magneti zigizwe na aluminium, nikel, na cobalt, kandi zizwiho imbaraga za rukuruzi nyinshi hamwe nubushyuhe bukabije. Bakunze gukoreshwa mubikorwa byinganda nka sensor, metero, na moteri yamashanyarazi.
5.Bisumizi bifatanye: Izi magneti zakozwe mukuvanga ifu ya magneti na binder, kandi irashobora gukorwa muburyo bukomeye. Bakunze gukoreshwa mubisabwa nka sensor, ibikoresho byimodoka, nibikoresho byubuvuzi.
Guhitamo ubwoko bwa magneti buhoraho biterwa nibisabwa byihariye bisabwa, harimo imbaraga za rukuruzi zisabwa, ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe, igiciro, n'imbogamizi zo gukora.
Igice cya 5: Imashini ikora ite?
Imashini ikora mukurema magnetiki ikorana nibindi bikoresho bya magneti cyangwa amashanyarazi. Umwanya wa magneti ukorwa no guhuza ibihe bya magneti mubikoresho, aribyo microscopique mumajyaruguru namajepfo bitanga imbaraga za rukuruzi.
Mu rukuruzi ruhoraho, nka rukuruzi ya bar, ibihe bya magneti bihujwe mu cyerekezo runaka, bityo umurima wa rukuruzi urakomeye cyane ku nkingi kandi ufite intege nke hagati. Iyo ishyizwe hafi yikintu cya magneti, umurima wa rukuruzi ukoresha imbaraga kubintu, haba gukurura cyangwa kubyanga bitewe nicyerekezo cyibihe bya magneti.
Muri electromagnet, umurima wa magneti ukorwa numuyagankuba utembera mumashanyarazi. Umuyagankuba urema umurima wa rukuruzi uringaniye werekeza icyerekezo cyubu, kandi imbaraga zumurima wa magneti zirashobora kugenzurwa muguhindura ingano yumuyaga unyura muri coil. Electromagnets ikoreshwa cyane mubisabwa nka moteri, disikuru, na generator.
Imikoranire hagati yumurima wa rukuruzi ningufu zamashanyarazi nayo niyo shingiro mubikorwa byinshi byikoranabuhanga, harimo amashanyarazi, moteri, na moteri yamashanyarazi. Muri generator, kurugero, kuzunguruka kwa magneti hafi ya coil ya wire bitera umuyagankuba mumashanyarazi, ushobora gukoreshwa kubyara amashanyarazi. Muri moteri yamashanyarazi, imikoranire hagati yumurima wa magneti wa moteri numuyoboro unyura muri coil ya wire utera itara ritwara moteri.
Ukurikije ibi biranga, turashobora gushushanya uburyo bwihariye bwa magnetiki pole kugirango tuyikubite kugirango twongere imbaraga za magneti mumwanya wihariye mugihe cyakazi, nka Halbeck
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-24-2023