Ingufu z'umuyaga zabaye imwe mu mbaraga zisukuye zishoboka kwisi. Mu myaka myinshi, amashanyarazi menshi yaturutse mu makara, peteroli n’ibindi bicanwa. Nyamara, gukora ingufu ziva muri ibyo bintu bitera kwangiza cyane ibidukikije no guhumanya ikirere, ubutaka n'amazi. Ukumenyekana kwatumye abantu benshi bahindukirira ingufu zicyatsi nkigisubizo. Kubwibyo, ingufu zishobora kubaho ningirakamaro cyane kubwimpamvu nyinshi, harimo:
-Ingaruka nziza ku bidukikije
-Akazi nizindi nyungu zubukungu
-Gutezimbere ubuzima rusange
-Ingufu nini kandi zidashira
-Uburyo bwizewe kandi bukomeye sisitemu yingufu
Mu 1831, Michael Faraday yakoze amashanyarazi ya mbere ya electronique. Yavumbuye ko amashanyarazi ashobora gukorwa mumashanyarazi iyo yimuwe mumashanyarazi. Nyuma yimyaka hafi 200, magnesi hamwe na magnetique bikomeje kugira uruhare runini mubyara amashanyarazi agezweho. Ba injeniyeri bakomeje kubaka kubyo Faraday yahimbye, hamwe nuburyo bushya bwo gukemura ibibazo byikinyejana cya 21.
Ufatwa nkigikoresho gikomeye cyane cyimashini, turbine yumuyaga iragenda ikundwa cyane murwego rwingufu zishobora kuvugururwa. Byongeye kandi, buri gice cya turbine kigira uruhare runini muburyo gikora kandi gifata ingufu zumuyaga. Muburyo bworoshye, burya turbine yumuyaga ikora nuko:
-Umuyaga ukaze uhindura ibyuma
-Icyuma cyabafana gihujwe numuyoboro munini hagati
-Generator ihujwe nicyo cyuma ihindura icyo cyerekezo mumashanyarazi
Imashini zihoraho zigira uruhare runini muri turbine nini nini ku isi. Imashini zidasanzwe z'isi, nka magnesi zikomeye za neodymium-fer-boron, zagiye zikoreshwa mu bishushanyo bimwe na bimwe by’umuyaga wa turbine kugira ngo bigabanye ibiciro, bizamura ubwizerwe, kandi bigabanye gukenera kubungabungwa bihenze kandi bikomeje. Byongeye kandi, iterambere ryikoranabuhanga rishya, rishya mu myaka yashize ryashishikarije abajenjeri gukoresha sisitemu ya moteri ihoraho (PMG) muri turbine. Kubwibyo, ibi byakuyeho ibikenerwa bya bokisi, byerekana sisitemu ya magneti ihoraho kugirango ikoreshwe neza, yizewe kandi ibungabunge bike. Aho gukenera amashanyarazi kugirango asohore umurima wa magneti, magneti nini ya neodymium akoreshwa mu kubyara ayabo. Byongeye kandi, ibi byavanyeho gukenera ibice byakoreshejwe muri generator zabanjirije iyi, mugihe bigabanya umuvuduko wumuyaga usabwa kubyara ingufu.
Imashini ihoraho ya magnetiki ihoraho nubundi bwoko bwa generator yumuyaga. Bitandukanye na moteri itanga induction, izo generator zikoresha umurima wa rukuruzi ya rukuruzi zidasanzwe zidasanzwe-aho gukoresha amashanyarazi. Ntibisaba impeta zinyerera cyangwa imbaraga ziva hanze kugirango bakore umurego wa rukuruzi. Zishobora gukoreshwa ku muvuduko wo hasi, zibafasha gukoreshwa na shitingi ya turbine mu buryo butaziguye, bityo, ntibisaba garebox. Ibi bigabanya uburemere bwa nacelle yumuyaga-turbine kandi bivuze ko iminara ishobora gukorwa ku giciro gito. Kurandura garebox bivamo kwizerwa, kugabanya ibiciro byo kubungabunga, no kunoza imikorere. Ubushobozi bwa magneti bwo kwemerera abashushanya gukuramo garebox ya mashini muri turbine yumuyaga irerekana uburyo magnesi zishobora gukoreshwa muburyo bushya mugukemura ibibazo byimikorere nubukungu muri turbine zigezweho.
Inganda zikora umuyaga zikunda magneti zidasanzwe kubwimpamvu eshatu zingenzi:
-Imashanyarazi zihoraho ntizikenera imbaraga ziva hanze kugirango zitangire umurima wa rukuruzi
-Kwishima-bisobanura kandi banki ya bateri cyangwa capacator kubindi bikorwa birashobora kuba bito
-Igishushanyo kigabanya igihombo cyamashanyarazi
Byongeye kandi, bitewe ningufu nyinshi zifite ingufu zihoraho zitanga amashanyarazi, uburemere bumwe bujyanye no guhinduranya umuringa burandurwa hamwe nibibazo byo kwangirika kwizuba no kugabanuka.
Ingufu z'umuyaga ziri mubisoko byihuta byingufu mubikorwa byingirakamaro muri iki gihe.
Inyungu nini zo gukoresha magnesi muri turbine z'umuyaga kugira ngo zitange isoko isukuye, itekanye, ikora neza kandi ifite imbaraga mu bukungu bw'ingufu z'umuyaga ifite ingaruka nziza cyane ku mubumbe wacu, ku baturage ndetse no ku mibereho yacu no ku kazi.
Umuyaga ni isoko ya peteroli isukuye kandi ishobora kuvugururwa ishobora gukoreshwa mugukora amashanyarazi. Umuyaga w’umuyaga urashobora gukoreshwa ufatanije n’andi masoko y’ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa kugira ngo bafashe ibihugu n’ibihugu kuzuza ibipimo ngenderwaho by’ingengo y’imari n’ibisabwa kugira ngo umuvuduko w’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ugabanuke. Umuyaga w’umuyaga ntusohora karuboni ya gaze karuboni cyangwa izindi myuka yangiza parike, ituma ingufu zikoreshwa n umuyaga zangiza ibidukikije kuruta ibidukikije biva mu bicanwa.
Usibye kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, ingufu z'umuyaga zitanga inyungu zinyongera zituruka kumasoko gakondo. Amashanyarazi ya kirimbuzi, amakara, na gaze gasanzwe akoresha amazi menshi atangaje mugukora amashanyarazi. Muri ubu bwoko bwamashanyarazi, amazi akoreshwa mukurema umwuka, kugenzura ibyuka bihumanya, cyangwa mugukonjesha. Amenshi muri aya mazi amaherezo arekurwa mukirere muburyo bwa kondegene. Ibinyuranye, turbine z'umuyaga ntizisaba amazi kubyara amashanyarazi. Agaciro k'imirima y'umuyaga rero kiyongera cyane mu turere twumutse aho amazi ari make.
Ahari inyungu igaragara ariko ikomeye yingufu zumuyaga nisoko ya lisansi ni ubuntu kandi ikomoka mugace. Ibinyuranye na byo, ibiciro bya lisansi y’ibicanwa birashobora kuba kimwe mu biciro byinshi bikoreshwa mu ruganda rw’amashanyarazi kandi birashobora gukenera gukomoka ku masoko y’amahanga ashobora gutera kwishingikiriza ku ruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa kandi bishobora guterwa n’amakimbirane ya politiki. Ibi bivuze ko ingufu z'umuyaga zishobora gufasha ibihugu kurushaho kwigenga no kugabanya ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibiciro mu bicanwa biva mu kirere.
Bitandukanye n’amasoko ya peteroli nkamakara cyangwa gaze karemano, umuyaga nisoko yingufu zirambye zidasaba ibicanwa byabyara ingufu. Umuyaga ukorwa nubushyuhe nubushyuhe butandukanye mukirere kandi nigisubizo cyizuba ryizuba ryisi. Nkisoko ya lisansi, umuyaga utanga ingufu zitagira akagero kandi, igihe cyose izuba rikomeje kumurika, umuyaga uzakomeza guhuha.
